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Current File : /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/twisted/application/test//test_internet.py
# -*- test-case-name: twisted.application.test.test_internet -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.

"""
Tests for (new code in) L{twisted.application.internet}.

@var AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT: At least enough seconds for L{ClientService} to make
    one attempt.
"""

from __future__ import absolute_import, division

import pickle

from zope.interface import implementer
from zope.interface.verify import verifyClass

from twisted.internet.protocol import Factory, Protocol
from twisted.internet.task import Clock
from twisted.trial.unittest import TestCase, SynchronousTestCase
from twisted.application import internet
from twisted.application.internet import (
    StreamServerEndpointService, TimerService, ClientService)
from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred, CancelledError
from twisted.internet.interfaces import (
    IStreamServerEndpoint, IStreamClientEndpoint, IListeningPort,
    IHalfCloseableProtocol, IFileDescriptorReceiver
)
from twisted.internet import task
from twisted.python.failure import Failure
from twisted.logger import globalLogPublisher, formatEvent
from twisted.test.proto_helpers import StringTransport


def fakeTargetFunction():
    """
    A fake target function for testing TimerService which does nothing.
    """
    pass



@implementer(IStreamServerEndpoint)
class FakeServer(object):
    """
    In-memory implementation of L{IStreamServerEndpoint}.

    @ivar result: The L{Deferred} resulting from the call to C{listen}, after
        C{listen} has been called.

    @ivar factory: The factory passed to C{listen}.

    @ivar cancelException: The exception to errback C{self.result} when it is
        cancelled.

    @ivar port: The L{IListeningPort} which C{listen}'s L{Deferred} will fire
        with.

    @ivar listenAttempts: The number of times C{listen} has been invoked.

    @ivar failImmediately: If set, the exception to fail the L{Deferred}
        returned from C{listen} before it is returned.
    """
    result = None
    factory = None
    failImmediately = None
    cancelException = CancelledError()
    listenAttempts = 0

    def __init__(self):
        self.port = FakePort()


    def listen(self, factory):
        """
        Return a Deferred and store it for future use.  (Implementation of
        L{IStreamServerEndpoint}).

        @param factory: the factory to listen with

        @return: a L{Deferred} stored in L{FakeServer.result}
        """
        self.listenAttempts += 1
        self.factory = factory
        self.result = Deferred(
            canceller=lambda d: d.errback(self.cancelException))
        if self.failImmediately is not None:
            self.result.errback(self.failImmediately)
        return self.result


    def startedListening(self):
        """
        Test code should invoke this method after causing C{listen} to be
        invoked in order to fire the L{Deferred} previously returned from
        C{listen}.
        """
        self.result.callback(self.port)


    def stoppedListening(self):
        """
        Test code should invoke this method after causing C{stopListening} to
        be invoked on the port fired from the L{Deferred} returned from
        C{listen} in order to cause the L{Deferred} returned from
        C{stopListening} to fire.
        """
        self.port.deferred.callback(None)

verifyClass(IStreamServerEndpoint, FakeServer)



@implementer(IListeningPort)
class FakePort(object):
    """
    Fake L{IListeningPort} implementation.

    @ivar deferred: The L{Deferred} returned by C{stopListening}.
    """
    deferred = None

    def stopListening(self):
        """
        Stop listening.

        @return: a L{Deferred} stored in L{FakePort.deferred}
        """
        self.deferred = Deferred()
        return self.deferred

verifyClass(IStreamServerEndpoint, FakeServer)



class EndpointServiceTests(TestCase):
    """
    Tests for L{twisted.application.internet}.
    """

    def setUp(self):
        """
        Construct a stub server, a stub factory, and a
        L{StreamServerEndpointService} to test.
        """
        self.fakeServer = FakeServer()
        self.factory = Factory()
        self.svc = StreamServerEndpointService(self.fakeServer, self.factory)


    def test_privilegedStartService(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.privilegedStartService} calls its
        endpoint's C{listen} method with its factory.
        """
        self.svc.privilegedStartService()
        self.assertIdentical(self.factory, self.fakeServer.factory)


    def test_synchronousRaiseRaisesSynchronously(self, thunk=None):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.startService} should raise synchronously
        if the L{Deferred} returned by its wrapped
        L{IStreamServerEndpoint.listen} has already fired with an errback and
        the L{StreamServerEndpointService}'s C{_raiseSynchronously} flag has
        been set.  This feature is necessary to preserve compatibility with old
        behavior of L{twisted.internet.strports.service}, which is to return a
        service which synchronously raises an exception from C{startService}
        (so that, among other things, twistd will not start running).  However,
        since L{IStreamServerEndpoint.listen} may fail asynchronously, it is a
        bad idea to rely on this behavior.

        @param thunk: If specified, a callable to execute in place of
            C{startService}.
        """
        self.fakeServer.failImmediately = ZeroDivisionError()
        self.svc._raiseSynchronously = True
        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, thunk or self.svc.startService)


    def test_synchronousRaisePrivileged(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.privilegedStartService} should behave the
        same as C{startService} with respect to
        L{EndpointServiceTests.test_synchronousRaiseRaisesSynchronously}.
        """
        self.test_synchronousRaiseRaisesSynchronously(
            self.svc.privilegedStartService)


    def test_failReportsError(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.startService} and
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.privilegedStartService} should both log
        an exception when the L{Deferred} returned from their wrapped
        L{IStreamServerEndpoint.listen} fails.
        """
        self.svc.startService()
        self.fakeServer.result.errback(ZeroDivisionError())
        logged = self.flushLoggedErrors(ZeroDivisionError)
        self.assertEqual(len(logged), 1)


    def test_asynchronousFailReportsError(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.startService} and
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.privilegedStartService} should both log
        an exception when the L{Deferred} returned from their wrapped
        L{IStreamServerEndpoint.listen} fails asynchronously, even if
        C{_raiseSynchronously} is set.
        """
        self.svc._raiseSynchronously = True
        self.svc.startService()
        self.fakeServer.result.errback(ZeroDivisionError())
        logged = self.flushLoggedErrors(ZeroDivisionError)
        self.assertEqual(len(logged), 1)


    def test_synchronousFailReportsError(self):
        """
        Without the C{_raiseSynchronously} compatibility flag, failing
        immediately has the same behavior as failing later; it logs the error.
        """
        self.fakeServer.failImmediately = ZeroDivisionError()
        self.svc.startService()
        logged = self.flushLoggedErrors(ZeroDivisionError)
        self.assertEqual(len(logged), 1)


    def test_startServiceUnstarted(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.startService} sets the C{running} flag,
        and calls its endpoint's C{listen} method with its factory, if it
        has not yet been started.
        """
        self.svc.startService()
        self.assertIdentical(self.factory, self.fakeServer.factory)
        self.assertEqual(self.svc.running, True)


    def test_startServiceStarted(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.startService} sets the C{running} flag,
        but nothing else, if the service has already been started.
        """
        self.test_privilegedStartService()
        self.svc.startService()
        self.assertEqual(self.fakeServer.listenAttempts, 1)
        self.assertEqual(self.svc.running, True)


    def test_stopService(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.stopService} calls C{stopListening} on
        the L{IListeningPort} returned from its endpoint, returns the
        C{Deferred} from stopService, and sets C{running} to C{False}.
        """
        self.svc.privilegedStartService()
        self.fakeServer.startedListening()
        # Ensure running gets set to true
        self.svc.startService()
        result = self.svc.stopService()
        l = []
        result.addCallback(l.append)
        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
        self.fakeServer.stoppedListening()
        self.assertEqual(len(l), 1)
        self.assertFalse(self.svc.running)


    def test_stopServiceBeforeStartFinished(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.stopService} cancels the L{Deferred}
        returned by C{listen} if it has not yet fired.  No error will be logged
        about the cancellation of the listen attempt.
        """
        self.svc.privilegedStartService()
        result = self.svc.stopService()
        l = []
        result.addBoth(l.append)
        self.assertEqual(l, [None])
        self.assertEqual(self.flushLoggedErrors(CancelledError), [])


    def test_stopServiceCancelStartError(self):
        """
        L{StreamServerEndpointService.stopService} cancels the L{Deferred}
        returned by C{listen} if it has not fired yet.  An error will be logged
        if the resulting exception is not L{CancelledError}.
        """
        self.fakeServer.cancelException = ZeroDivisionError()
        self.svc.privilegedStartService()
        result = self.svc.stopService()
        l = []
        result.addCallback(l.append)
        self.assertEqual(l, [None])
        stoppingErrors = self.flushLoggedErrors(ZeroDivisionError)
        self.assertEqual(len(stoppingErrors), 1)



class TimerServiceTests(TestCase):
    """
    Tests for L{twisted.application.internet.TimerService}.

    @type timer: L{TimerService}
    @ivar timer: service to test

    @type clock: L{task.Clock}
    @ivar clock: source of time

    @type deferred: L{Deferred}
    @ivar deferred: deferred returned by L{TimerServiceTests.call}.
    """

    def setUp(self):
        """
        Set up a timer service to test.
        """
        self.timer = TimerService(2, self.call)
        self.clock = self.timer.clock = task.Clock()
        self.deferred = Deferred()


    def call(self):
        """
        Function called by L{TimerService} being tested.

        @returns: C{self.deferred}
        @rtype: L{Deferred}
        """
        return self.deferred


    def test_startService(self):
        """
        When L{TimerService.startService} is called, it marks itself
        as running, creates a L{task.LoopingCall} and starts it.
        """
        self.timer.startService()
        self.assertTrue(self.timer.running, "Service is started")
        self.assertIsInstance(self.timer._loop, task.LoopingCall)
        self.assertIdentical(self.clock, self.timer._loop.clock)
        self.assertTrue(self.timer._loop.running, "LoopingCall is started")


    def test_startServiceRunsCallImmediately(self):
        """
        When L{TimerService.startService} is called, it calls the function
        immediately.
        """
        result = []
        self.timer.call = (result.append, (None,), {})
        self.timer.startService()
        self.assertEqual([None], result)


    def test_startServiceUsesGlobalReactor(self):
        """
        L{TimerService.startService} uses L{internet._maybeGlobalReactor} to
        choose the reactor to pass to L{task.LoopingCall}
        uses the global reactor.
        """
        otherClock = task.Clock()
        def getOtherClock(maybeReactor):
            return otherClock
        self.patch(internet, "_maybeGlobalReactor", getOtherClock)
        self.timer.startService()
        self.assertIdentical(otherClock, self.timer._loop.clock)


    def test_stopServiceWaits(self):
        """
        When L{TimerService.stopService} is called while a call is in progress.
        the L{Deferred} returned doesn't fire until after the call finishes.
        """
        self.timer.startService()
        d = self.timer.stopService()
        self.assertNoResult(d)
        self.assertEqual(True, self.timer.running)
        self.deferred.callback(object())
        self.assertIdentical(self.successResultOf(d), None)


    def test_stopServiceImmediately(self):
        """
        When L{TimerService.stopService} is called while a call isn't in progress.
        the L{Deferred} returned has already been fired.
        """
        self.timer.startService()
        self.deferred.callback(object())
        d = self.timer.stopService()
        self.assertIdentical(self.successResultOf(d), None)


    def test_failedCallLogsError(self):
        """
        When function passed to L{TimerService} returns a deferred that errbacks,
        the exception is logged, and L{TimerService.stopService} doesn't raise an error.
        """
        self.timer.startService()
        self.deferred.errback(Failure(ZeroDivisionError()))
        errors = self.flushLoggedErrors(ZeroDivisionError)
        self.assertEqual(1, len(errors))
        d = self.timer.stopService()
        self.assertIdentical(self.successResultOf(d), None)


    def test_pickleTimerServiceNotPickleLoop(self):
        """
        When pickling L{internet.TimerService}, it won't pickle
        L{internet.TimerService._loop}.
        """
        # We need a pickleable callable to test pickling TimerService. So we
        # can't use self.timer
        timer = TimerService(1, fakeTargetFunction)
        timer.startService()
        dumpedTimer = pickle.dumps(timer)
        timer.stopService()
        loadedTimer = pickle.loads(dumpedTimer)
        nothing = object()
        value = getattr(loadedTimer, "_loop", nothing)
        self.assertIdentical(nothing, value)


    def test_pickleTimerServiceNotPickleLoopFinished(self):
        """
        When pickling L{internet.TimerService}, it won't pickle
        L{internet.TimerService._loopFinished}.
        """
        # We need a pickleable callable to test pickling TimerService. So we
        # can't use self.timer
        timer = TimerService(1, fakeTargetFunction)
        timer.startService()
        dumpedTimer = pickle.dumps(timer)
        timer.stopService()
        loadedTimer = pickle.loads(dumpedTimer)
        nothing = object()
        value = getattr(loadedTimer, "_loopFinished", nothing)
        self.assertIdentical(nothing, value)



class ConnectInformation(object):
    """
    Information about C{endpointForTesting}

    @ivar connectQueue: a L{list} of L{Deferred} returned from C{connect}.  If
        these are not already fired, you can fire them with no value and they
        will trigger building a factory.

    @ivar constructedProtocols: a L{list} of protocols constructed.

    @ivar passedFactories: a L{list} of L{IProtocolFactory}; the ones actually
        passed to the underlying endpoint / i.e. the reactor.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        self.connectQueue = []
        self.constructedProtocols = []
        self.passedFactories = []



def endpointForTesting(fireImmediately=False):
    """
    Make a sample endpoint for testing.

    @param fireImmediately: If true, fire all L{Deferred}s returned from
        C{connect} immedaitely.

    @return: a 2-tuple of C{(information, endpoint)}, where C{information} is a
        L{ConnectInformation} describing the operations in progress on
        C{endpoint}.
    """
    @implementer(IStreamClientEndpoint)
    class ClientTestEndpoint(object):
        def connect(self, factory):
            result = Deferred()
            info.passedFactories.append(factory)
            @result.addCallback
            def createProtocol(ignored):
                protocol = factory.buildProtocol(None)
                info.constructedProtocols.append(protocol)
                transport = StringTransport()
                protocol.makeConnection(transport)
                return protocol
            info.connectQueue.append(result)
            if fireImmediately:
                result.callback(None)
            return result
    info = ConnectInformation()
    return info, ClientTestEndpoint()



def catchLogs(testCase, logPublisher=globalLogPublisher):
    """
    Catch the global log stream.

    @param testCase: The test case to add a cleanup to.

    @param logPublisher: the log publisher to add and remove observers for.

    @return: a 0-argument callable that returns a list of textual log messages
        for comparison.
    @rtype: L{list} of L{unicode}
    """
    logs = []
    logPublisher.addObserver(logs.append)
    testCase.addCleanup(lambda: logPublisher.removeObserver(logs.append))
    return lambda: [formatEvent(event) for event in logs]



AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT = 100.

class ClientServiceTests(SynchronousTestCase):
    """
    Tests for L{ClientService}.
    """

    def makeReconnector(self, fireImmediately=True, startService=True,
                        protocolType=Protocol, **kw):
        """
        Create a L{ClientService} along with a L{ConnectInformation} indicating
        the connections in progress on its endpoint.

        @param fireImmediately: Should all of the endpoint connection attempts
            fire synchronously?
        @type fireImmediately: L{bool}

        @param startService: Should the L{ClientService} be started before
            being returned?
        @type startService: L{bool}

        @param protocolType: a 0-argument callable returning a new L{IProtocol}
            provider to be used for application-level protocol connections.

        @param kw: Arbitrary keyword arguments to be passed on to
            L{ClientService}

        @return: a 2-tuple of L{ConnectInformation} (for information about test
            state) and L{ClientService} (the system under test).  The
            L{ConnectInformation} has 2 additional attributes;
            C{applicationFactory} and C{applicationProtocols}, which refer to
            the unwrapped protocol factory and protocol instances passed in to
            L{ClientService} respectively.
        """
        nkw = {}
        nkw.update(clock=Clock())
        nkw.update(kw)
        clock = nkw['clock']
        cq, endpoint = endpointForTesting(fireImmediately=fireImmediately)

        # `endpointForTesting` is totally generic to any LLPI client that uses
        # endpoints, and maintains all its state internally; however,
        # applicationProtocols and applicationFactory are bonus attributes that
        # are only specifically interesitng to tests that use wrapper
        # protocols.  For now, set them here, externally.

        applicationProtocols = cq.applicationProtocols = []

        class RememberingFactory(Factory, object):
            protocol = protocolType
            def buildProtocol(self, addr):
                result = super(RememberingFactory, self).buildProtocol(addr)
                applicationProtocols.append(result)
                return result

        cq.applicationFactory = factory = RememberingFactory()

        service = ClientService(endpoint, factory, **nkw)
        def stop():
            service._protocol = None
            if service.running:
                service.stopService()
            # Ensure that we don't leave any state in the reactor after
            # stopService.
            self.assertEqual(clock.getDelayedCalls(), [])
        self.addCleanup(stop)
        if startService:
            service.startService()
        return cq, service


    def test_startService(self):
        """
        When the service is started, a connection attempt is made.
        """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 1)


    def test_startStopFactory(self):
        """
        Although somewhat obscure, L{IProtocolFactory} includes both C{doStart}
        and C{doStop} methods; ensure that when these methods are called on the
        factory that was passed to the reactor, the factory that was passed
        from the application receives them.
        """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector()
        firstAppFactory = cq.applicationFactory
        self.assertEqual(firstAppFactory.numPorts, 0)
        firstPassedFactory = cq.passedFactories[0]
        firstPassedFactory.doStart()
        self.assertEqual(firstAppFactory.numPorts, 1)


    def test_stopServiceWhileConnected(self):
        """
        When the service is stopped, no further connect attempts are made.  The
        returned L{Deferred} fires when all outstanding connections have been
        stopped.
        """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector()
        d = service.stopService()
        self.assertNoResult(d)
        protocol = cq.constructedProtocols[0]
        self.assertEqual(protocol.transport.disconnecting, True)
        protocol.connectionLost(Failure(Exception()))
        self.successResultOf(d)


    def test_startServiceWaitsForDisconnect(self):
        """
        When L{ClientService} is restarted after having been connected, it
        waits to start connecting until after having disconnected.
        """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector()
        d = service.stopService()
        self.assertNoResult(d)
        protocol = cq.constructedProtocols[0]
        self.assertEqual(protocol.transport.disconnecting, True)
        service.startService()
        self.assertNoResult(d)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.constructedProtocols), 1)
        protocol.connectionLost(Failure(Exception()))
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.constructedProtocols), 2)


    def test_startServiceWhileStopping(self):
        """
        When L{ClientService} is stopping - that is,
        L{ClientService.stopService} has been called, but the L{Deferred} it
        returns has not fired yet - calling L{startService} will cause a new
        connection to be made, and new calls to L{whenConnected} to succeed.
        """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False)
        cq.connectQueue[0].callback(None)
        first = cq.constructedProtocols[0]
        stopped = service.stopService()
        self.assertNoResult(stopped)
        nextProtocol = service.whenConnected()
        self.assertNoResult(nextProtocol)
        service.startService()
        self.assertNoResult(nextProtocol)
        self.assertNoResult(stopped)
        self.assertEqual(first.transport.disconnecting, True)
        first.connectionLost(Failure(Exception()))
        self.successResultOf(stopped)
        cq.connectQueue[1].callback(None)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.constructedProtocols), 2)
        self.assertIdentical(self.successResultOf(nextProtocol),
                             cq.applicationProtocols[1])
        secondStopped = service.stopService()
        self.assertNoResult(secondStopped)


    def test_startServiceWhileStopped(self):
        """
        When L{ClientService} is stopped - that is,
        L{ClientService.stopService} has been called and the L{Deferred} it
        returns has fired - calling L{startService} will cause a new connection
        to be made, and new calls to L{whenConnected} to succeed.
        """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False)
        stopped = service.stopService()
        self.successResultOf(stopped)
        self.failureResultOf(service.whenConnected(), CancelledError)
        service.startService()
        cq.connectQueue[-1].callback(None)
        self.assertIdentical(cq.applicationProtocols[-1],
                             self.successResultOf(service.whenConnected()))


    def test_interfacesForTransport(self):
        """
        If the protocol objects returned by the factory given to
        L{ClientService} provide special "marker" interfaces for their
        transport - L{IHalfCloseableProtocol} or L{IFileDescriptorReceiver} -
        those interfaces will be provided by the protocol objects passed on to
        the reactor.
        """
        @implementer(IHalfCloseableProtocol, IFileDescriptorReceiver)
        class FancyProtocol(Protocol, object):
            """
            Provider of various interfaces.
            """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(protocolType=FancyProtocol)
        reactorFacing = cq.constructedProtocols[0]
        self.assertTrue(IFileDescriptorReceiver.providedBy(reactorFacing))
        self.assertTrue(IHalfCloseableProtocol.providedBy(reactorFacing))


    def test_stopServiceWhileRetrying(self):
        """
        When the service is stopped while retrying, the retry is cancelled.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False, clock=clock)
        cq.connectQueue[0].errback(Exception())
        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 2)
        d = service.stopService()
        cq.connectQueue[1].errback(Exception())
        self.successResultOf(d)


    def test_stopServiceWhileConnecting(self):
        """
        When the service is stopped while initially connecting, the connection
        attempt is cancelled.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False, clock=clock)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 1)
        self.assertNoResult(cq.connectQueue[0])
        d = service.stopService()
        self.successResultOf(d)


    def test_clientConnected(self):
        """
        When a client connects, the service keeps a reference to the new
        protocol and resets the delay.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(clock=clock)
        awaitingProtocol = service.whenConnected()
        self.assertEqual(clock.getDelayedCalls(), [])
        self.assertIdentical(self.successResultOf(awaitingProtocol),
                             cq.applicationProtocols[0])


    def test_clientConnectionFailed(self):
        """
        When a client connection fails, the service removes its reference
        to the protocol and tries again after a timeout.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False,
                                           clock=clock)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 1)
        cq.connectQueue[0].errback(Failure(Exception()))
        whenConnected = service.whenConnected()
        self.assertNoResult(whenConnected)
        # Don't fail during test tear-down when service shutdown causes all
        # waiting connections to fail.
        whenConnected.addErrback(lambda ignored: ignored.trap(CancelledError))
        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 2)


    def test_clientConnectionLost(self):
        """
        When a client connection is lost, the service removes its reference
        to the protocol and calls retry.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(clock=clock, fireImmediately=False)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 1)
        cq.connectQueue[0].callback(None)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 1)
        self.assertIdentical(self.successResultOf(service.whenConnected()),
                             cq.applicationProtocols[0])
        cq.constructedProtocols[0].connectionLost(Failure(Exception()))
        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 2)
        cq.connectQueue[1].callback(None)
        self.assertIdentical(self.successResultOf(service.whenConnected()),
                             cq.applicationProtocols[1])


    def test_clientConnectionLostWhileStopping(self):
        """
        When a client connection is lost while the service is stopping, the
        protocol stopping deferred is called and the reference to the protocol
        is removed.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(clock=clock)
        d = service.stopService()
        cq.constructedProtocols[0].connectionLost(Failure(IndentationError()))
        self.failureResultOf(service.whenConnected(), CancelledError)
        self.assertTrue(d.called)


    def test_startTwice(self):
        """
        If L{ClientService} is started when it's already started, it will log a
        complaint and do nothing else (in particular it will not make
        additional connections).
        """
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False,
                                           startService=False)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 0)
        service.startService()
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 1)
        messages = catchLogs(self)
        service.startService()
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 1)
        self.assertIn("Duplicate ClientService.startService", messages()[0])


    def test_whenConnectedLater(self):
        """
        L{ClientService.whenConnected} returns a L{Deferred} that fires when a
        connection is established.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False, clock=clock)
        a = service.whenConnected()
        b = service.whenConnected()
        c = service.whenConnected(failAfterFailures=1)
        self.assertNoResult(a)
        self.assertNoResult(b)
        self.assertNoResult(c)
        cq.connectQueue[0].callback(None)
        resultA = self.successResultOf(a)
        resultB = self.successResultOf(b)
        resultC = self.successResultOf(c)
        self.assertIdentical(resultA, resultB)
        self.assertIdentical(resultA, resultC)
        self.assertIdentical(resultA, cq.applicationProtocols[0])


    def test_whenConnectedFails(self):
        """
        L{ClientService.whenConnected} returns a L{Deferred} that fails, if
        asked, when some number of connections have failed.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False, clock=clock)
        a0 = service.whenConnected()
        a1 = service.whenConnected(failAfterFailures=1)
        a2 = service.whenConnected(failAfterFailures=2)
        a3 = service.whenConnected(failAfterFailures=3)
        self.assertNoResult(a0)
        self.assertNoResult(a1)
        self.assertNoResult(a2)
        self.assertNoResult(a3)

        f1 = Failure(Exception())
        cq.connectQueue[0].errback(f1)

        self.assertNoResult(a0)
        self.assertIdentical(self.failureResultOf(a1, Exception), f1)
        self.assertNoResult(a2)
        self.assertNoResult(a3)

        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 2)

        self.assertNoResult(a0)
        self.assertNoResult(a2)
        self.assertNoResult(a3)

        f2 = Failure(Exception())
        cq.connectQueue[1].errback(f2)

        self.assertNoResult(a0)
        self.assertIdentical(self.failureResultOf(a2, Exception), f2)
        self.assertNoResult(a3)

        AT_LEAST_TWO_ATTEMPTS = AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT # close enough
        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_TWO_ATTEMPTS)
        self.assertEqual(len(cq.connectQueue), 3)

        self.assertNoResult(a0)
        self.assertNoResult(a3)

        cq.connectQueue[2].callback(None)

        resultA0 = self.successResultOf(a0)
        resultA3 = self.successResultOf(a3)
        self.assertIdentical(resultA0, resultA3)
        self.assertIdentical(resultA0, cq.applicationProtocols[0])

        # a new whenConnected Deferred, obtained after we're connected,
        # should have fired already, even if failAfterFailures is set
        a4 = service.whenConnected(failAfterFailures=1)
        resultA4 = self.successResultOf(a4)
        self.assertIdentical(resultA0, resultA4)


    def test_whenConnectedStopService(self):
        """
        L{ClientService.whenConnected} returns a L{Deferred} that fails when
        L{ClientService.stopService} is called.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False, clock=clock)
        a = service.whenConnected()
        b = service.whenConnected()
        c = service.whenConnected(failAfterFailures=1)
        self.assertNoResult(a)
        self.assertNoResult(b)
        self.assertNoResult(c)
        service.stopService()
        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        self.failureResultOf(a, CancelledError)
        self.failureResultOf(b, CancelledError)
        self.failureResultOf(c, CancelledError)


    def test_retryCancelled(self):
        """
        When L{ClientService.stopService} is called while waiting between
        connection attempts, the pending reconnection attempt is cancelled and
        the service is stopped immediately.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False, clock=clock)
        cq.connectQueue[0].errback(Exception("no connection"))
        d = service.stopService()
        self.assertEqual(clock.getDelayedCalls(), [])
        self.successResultOf(d)


    def test_stopServiceBeforeStartService(self):
        """
        Calling L{ClientService.stopService} before
        L{ClientService.startService} returns a L{Deferred} that has
        already fired with L{None}.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        _, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False,
                                          startService=False,
                                          clock=clock)
        d = service.stopService()
        self.assertIsNone(self.successResultOf(d))


    def test_whenConnectedErrbacksOnStopService(self):
        """
        L{ClientService.whenConnected} returns a L{Deferred} that
        errbacks with L{CancelledError} if
        L{ClientService.stopService} is called between connection
        attempts.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False,
                                           clock=clock)
        beforeErrbackAndStop = service.whenConnected()

        # The protocol fails to connect, and the service is waiting to
        # reconnect.
        cq.connectQueue[0].errback(Exception("no connection"))

        service.stopService()
        afterErrbackAndStop = service.whenConnected()

        self.assertIsInstance(self.failureResultOf(beforeErrbackAndStop).value,
                              CancelledError)
        self.assertIsInstance(self.failureResultOf(afterErrbackAndStop).value,
                              CancelledError)


    def test_stopServiceWhileDisconnecting(self):
        """
        Calling L{ClientService.stopService} twice after it has
        connected (that is, stopping it while it is disconnecting)
        returns a L{Deferred} each time that fires when the
        disconnection has completed.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False,
                                           clock=clock)
        # The protocol connects
        cq.connectQueue[0].callback(None)

        # The protocol begins disconnecting
        firstStopDeferred = service.stopService()
        # The protocol continues disconnecting
        secondStopDeferred = service.stopService()

        # The protocol is disconnected
        cq.constructedProtocols[0].connectionLost(Failure(IndentationError()))

        self.successResultOf(firstStopDeferred)
        self.successResultOf(secondStopDeferred)


    def test_stopServiceWhileRestarting(self):
        """
        Calling L{ClientService.stopService} after calling a
        reconnection attempt returns a L{Deferred} that fires when the
        disconnection has completed.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False,
                                           clock=clock)
        # The protocol connects
        cq.connectQueue[0].callback(None)

        # The protocol begins disconnecting
        firstStopDeferred = service.stopService()
        # The protocol begins reconnecting
        service.startService()
        # The protocol begins disconnecting again
        secondStopDeferred = service.stopService()

        # The protocol is disconnected
        cq.constructedProtocols[0].connectionLost(Failure(IndentationError()))

        self.successResultOf(firstStopDeferred)
        self.successResultOf(secondStopDeferred)


    def test_stopServiceOnStoppedService(self):
        """
        Calling L{ClientService.stopService} on a stopped service
        returns a L{Deferred} that has already fired with L{None}.
        """
        clock = Clock()
        _, service = self.makeReconnector(fireImmediately=False,
                                          clock=clock)
        firstStopDeferred = service.stopService()
        secondStopDeferred = service.stopService()

        self.assertIsNone(self.successResultOf(firstStopDeferred))
        self.assertIsNone(self.successResultOf(secondStopDeferred))


    def test_prepareConnectionCalledWhenServiceStarts(self):
        """
        The C{prepareConnection} callable is called after
        L{ClientService.startService} once the connection is made.
        """
        prepares = [0]

        def prepareConnection(_proto):
            prepares[0] += 1

        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(prepareConnection=prepareConnection,
                                           startService=True)
        self.assertEqual(1, prepares[0])


    def test_prepareConnectionCalledWithProtocol(self):
        """
        The C{prepareConnection} callable is passed the connected protocol
        instance.
        """
        newProtocols = []

        def prepareConnection(proto):
            newProtocols.append(proto)

        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(
            prepareConnection=prepareConnection,
        )
        self.assertIdentical(cq.constructedProtocols[0], newProtocols[0])


    def test_prepareConnectionCalledAfterConnectionMade(self):
        """
        The C{prepareConnection} callback is invoked only once a connection is
        made.
        """
        prepares = [0]

        def prepareConnection(_proto):
            prepares[0] += 1

        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(prepareConnection=prepareConnection,
                                           fireImmediately=False,
                                           clock=clock)

        cq.connectQueue[0].errback(Exception('connection attempt failed'))
        self.assertEqual(0, prepares[0])  # Not called yet.

        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        cq.connectQueue[1].callback(None)

        self.assertEqual(1, prepares[0])  # Was called.


    def test_prepareConnectionCalledOnReconnect(self):
        """
        The C{prepareConnection} callback is invoked each time a connection is
        made, including on reconnection.
        """
        prepares = [0]

        def prepareConnection(_proto):
            prepares[0] += 1

        clock = Clock()
        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(prepareConnection=prepareConnection,
                                           clock=clock)

        self.assertEqual(1, prepares[0])  # Called once.

        # Protocol disconnects.
        cq.constructedProtocols[0].connectionLost(Failure(IndentationError()))
        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)

        self.assertEqual(2, prepares[0])  # Called again.


    def test_prepareConnectionReturnValueIgnored(self):
        """
        The C{prepareConnection} return value is ignored when it does not
        indicate a failure. Even though the callback participates in the
        internal new-connection L{Deferred} chain for error propagation
        purposes, any successful result does not affect the ultimate return
        value.
        """
        # Sentinel object returned by prepareConnection.
        sentinel = object()

        def prepareConnection(proto):
            return sentinel

        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(prepareConnection=prepareConnection)

        result = self.successResultOf(service.whenConnected())
        self.assertNotIdentical(sentinel, result)


    def test_prepareConnectionReturningADeferred(self):
        """
        The C{prepareConnection} callable returns a deferred and calls to
        L{ClientService.whenConnected} wait until it fires.
        """
        newProtocols = []
        newProtocolDeferred = Deferred()

        def prepareConnection(proto):
            newProtocols.append(proto)
            return newProtocolDeferred

        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(prepareConnection=prepareConnection)

        whenConnectedDeferred = service.whenConnected()
        self.assertNoResult(whenConnectedDeferred)

        newProtocolDeferred.callback(None)

        self.assertIdentical(cq.applicationProtocols[0],
                             self.successResultOf(whenConnectedDeferred))


    def test_prepareConnectionThrows(self):
        """
        The connection attempt counts as a failure when the
        C{prepareConnection} callable throws.
        """
        clock = Clock()

        def prepareConnection(_proto):
            raise IndentationError()

        cq, service = self.makeReconnector(prepareConnection=prepareConnection,
                                           clock=clock)

        whenConnectedDeferred = service.whenConnected(failAfterFailures=2)
        self.assertNoResult(whenConnectedDeferred)

        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        self.assertNoResult(whenConnectedDeferred)

        clock.advance(AT_LEAST_ONE_ATTEMPT)
        self.assertIdentical(IndentationError,
                             self.failureResultOf(whenConnectedDeferred).type)
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