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22527 1#@!#!123s
: / lib / python3 / dist-packages / hyperlink / test /
Filename : test_url.py
back
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.

from __future__ import unicode_literals

import sys
import socket

from .common import HyperlinkTestCase
from .. import URL, URLParseError
# automatically import the py27 windows implementation when appropriate
from .. import _url
from .._url import inet_pton, SCHEME_PORT_MAP, parse_host


PY2 = (sys.version_info[0] == 2)
unicode = type(u'')


BASIC_URL = "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut"

# Examples from RFC 3986 section 5.4, Reference Resolution Examples
relativeLinkBaseForRFC3986 = 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q'
relativeLinkTestsForRFC3986 = [
    # "Normal"
    # ('g:h', 'g:h'),  # can't click on a scheme-having url without an abs path
    ('g', 'http://a/b/c/g'),
    ('./g', 'http://a/b/c/g'),
    ('g/', 'http://a/b/c/g/'),
    ('/g', 'http://a/g'),
    ('//g', 'http://g'),
    ('?y', 'http://a/b/c/d;p?y'),
    ('g?y', 'http://a/b/c/g?y'),
    ('#s', 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s'),
    ('g#s', 'http://a/b/c/g#s'),
    ('g?y#s', 'http://a/b/c/g?y#s'),
    (';x', 'http://a/b/c/;x'),
    ('g;x', 'http://a/b/c/g;x'),
    ('g;x?y#s', 'http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s'),
    ('', 'http://a/b/c/d;p?q'),
    ('.', 'http://a/b/c/'),
    ('./', 'http://a/b/c/'),
    ('..', 'http://a/b/'),
    ('../', 'http://a/b/'),
    ('../g', 'http://a/b/g'),
    ('../..', 'http://a/'),
    ('../../', 'http://a/'),
    ('../../g', 'http://a/g'),

    # Abnormal examples
    # ".." cannot be used to change the authority component of a URI.
    ('../../../g', 'http://a/g'),
    ('../../../../g', 'http://a/g'),

    # Only include "." and ".." when they are only part of a larger segment,
    # not by themselves.
    ('/./g', 'http://a/g'),
    ('/../g', 'http://a/g'),
    ('g.', 'http://a/b/c/g.'),
    ('.g', 'http://a/b/c/.g'),
    ('g..', 'http://a/b/c/g..'),
    ('..g', 'http://a/b/c/..g'),
    # Unnecessary or nonsensical forms of "." and "..".
    ('./../g', 'http://a/b/g'),
    ('./g/.', 'http://a/b/c/g/'),
    ('g/./h', 'http://a/b/c/g/h'),
    ('g/../h', 'http://a/b/c/h'),
    ('g;x=1/./y', 'http://a/b/c/g;x=1/y'),
    ('g;x=1/../y', 'http://a/b/c/y'),
    # Separating the reference's query and fragment components from the path.
    ('g?y/./x', 'http://a/b/c/g?y/./x'),
    ('g?y/../x', 'http://a/b/c/g?y/../x'),
    ('g#s/./x', 'http://a/b/c/g#s/./x'),
    ('g#s/../x', 'http://a/b/c/g#s/../x')
]


ROUNDTRIP_TESTS = (
    "http://localhost",
    "http://localhost/",
    "http://127.0.0.1/",
    "http://[::127.0.0.1]/",
    "http://[::1]/",
    "http://localhost/foo",
    "http://localhost/foo/",
    "http://localhost/foo!!bar/",
    "http://localhost/foo%20bar/",
    "http://localhost/foo%2Fbar/",
    "http://localhost/foo?n",
    "http://localhost/foo?n=v",
    "http://localhost/foo?n=/a/b",
    "http://example.com/foo!@$bar?b!@z=123",
    "http://localhost/asd?a=asd%20sdf/345",
    "http://(%2525)/(%2525)?(%2525)&(%2525)=(%2525)#(%2525)",
    "http://(%C3%A9)/(%C3%A9)?(%C3%A9)&(%C3%A9)=(%C3%A9)#(%C3%A9)",
    "?sslrootcert=/Users/glyph/Downloads/rds-ca-2015-root.pem&sslmode=verify",

    # from boltons.urlutils' tests

    'http://googlewebsite.com/e-shops.aspx',
    'http://example.com:8080/search?q=123&business=Nothing%20Special',
    'http://hatnote.com:9000/?arg=1&arg=2&arg=3',
    'https://xn--bcher-kva.ch',
    'http://xn--ggbla1c4e.xn--ngbc5azd/',
    'http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.4',
    # 'http://wiki:pedia@hatnote.com',
    'ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/tar/RFCs0001-0500.tar.gz',
    'http://[1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]/index.html',
    'ssh://192.0.2.16:2222/',
    'https://[::101.45.75.219]:80/?hi=bye',
    'ldap://[::192.9.5.5]/dc=example,dc=com??sub?(sn=Jensen)',
    'mailto:me@example.com?to=me@example.com&body=hi%20http://wikipedia.org',
    'news:alt.rec.motorcycle',
    'tel:+1-800-867-5309',
    'urn:oasis:member:A00024:x',
    ('magnet:?xt=urn:btih:1a42b9e04e122b97a5254e3df77ab3c4b7da725f&dn=Puppy%'
     '20Linux%20precise-5.7.1.iso&tr=udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80&'
     'tr=udp://tracker.publicbt.com:80&tr=udp://tracker.istole.it:6969&'
     'tr=udp://tracker.ccc.de:80&tr=udp://open.demonii.com:1337'),

    # percent-encoded delimiters in percent-encodable fields

    'https://%3A@example.com/',  # colon in username
    'https://%40@example.com/',  # at sign in username
    'https://%2f@example.com/',  # slash in username
    'https://a:%3a@example.com/',  # colon in password
    'https://a:%40@example.com/',  # at sign in password
    'https://a:%2f@example.com/',  # slash in password
    'https://a:%3f@example.com/',  # question mark in password
    'https://example.com/%2F/',  # slash in path
    'https://example.com/%3F/',  # question mark in path
    'https://example.com/%23/',  # hash in path
    'https://example.com/?%23=b',  # hash in query param name
    'https://example.com/?%3D=b',  # equals in query param name
    'https://example.com/?%26=b',  # ampersand in query param name
    'https://example.com/?a=%23',  # hash in query param value
    'https://example.com/?a=%26',  # ampersand in query param value
    'https://example.com/?a=%3D',  # equals in query param value
    # double-encoded percent sign in all percent-encodable positions:
    "http://(%2525):(%2525)@example.com/(%2525)/?(%2525)=(%2525)#(%2525)",
    # colon in first part of schemeless relative url
    'first_seg_rel_path__colon%3Anotok/second_seg__colon%3Aok',
)


class TestURL(HyperlinkTestCase):
    """
    Tests for L{URL}.
    """

    def assertUnicoded(self, u):
        """
        The given L{URL}'s components should be L{unicode}.

        @param u: The L{URL} to test.
        """
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(u.scheme, unicode) or u.scheme is None,
                        repr(u))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(u.host, unicode) or u.host is None,
                        repr(u))
        for seg in u.path:
            self.assertEqual(type(seg), unicode, repr(u))
        for (k, v) in u.query:
            self.assertEqual(type(seg), unicode, repr(u))
            self.assertTrue(v is None or isinstance(v, unicode), repr(u))
        self.assertEqual(type(u.fragment), unicode, repr(u))

    def assertURL(self, u, scheme, host, path, query,
                  fragment, port, userinfo=''):
        """
        The given L{URL} should have the given components.

        @param u: The actual L{URL} to examine.

        @param scheme: The expected scheme.

        @param host: The expected host.

        @param path: The expected path.

        @param query: The expected query.

        @param fragment: The expected fragment.

        @param port: The expected port.

        @param userinfo: The expected userinfo.
        """
        actual = (u.scheme, u.host, u.path, u.query,
                  u.fragment, u.port, u.userinfo)
        expected = (scheme, host, tuple(path), tuple(query),
                    fragment, port, u.userinfo)
        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)

    def test_initDefaults(self):
        """
        L{URL} should have appropriate default values.
        """
        def check(u):
            self.assertUnicoded(u)
            self.assertURL(u, 'http', '', [], [], '', 80, '')

        check(URL('http', ''))
        check(URL('http', '', [], []))
        check(URL('http', '', [], [], ''))

    def test_init(self):
        """
        L{URL} should accept L{unicode} parameters.
        """
        u = URL('s', 'h', ['p'], [('k', 'v'), ('k', None)], 'f')
        self.assertUnicoded(u)
        self.assertURL(u, 's', 'h', ['p'], [('k', 'v'), ('k', None)],
                       'f', None)

        self.assertURL(URL('http', '\xe0', ['\xe9'],
                           [('\u03bb', '\u03c0')], '\u22a5'),
                       'http', '\xe0', ['\xe9'],
                       [('\u03bb', '\u03c0')], '\u22a5', 80)

    def test_initPercent(self):
        """
        L{URL} should accept (and not interpret) percent characters.
        """
        u = URL('s', '%68', ['%70'], [('%6B', '%76'), ('%6B', None)],
                '%66')
        self.assertUnicoded(u)
        self.assertURL(u,
                       's', '%68', ['%70'],
                       [('%6B', '%76'), ('%6B', None)],
                       '%66', None)

    def test_repr(self):
        """
        L{URL.__repr__} will display the canonical form of the URL, wrapped in
        a L{URL.from_text} invocation, so that it is C{eval}-able but still easy
        to read.
        """
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(URL(scheme='http', host='foo', path=['bar'],
                     query=[('baz', None), ('k', 'v')],
                     fragment='frob')),
            "URL.from_text(%s)" % (repr(u"http://foo/bar?baz&k=v#frob"),)
        )

    def test_from_text(self):
        """
        Round-tripping L{URL.from_text} with C{str} results in an equivalent
        URL.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(BASIC_URL, urlpath.to_text())

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        """
        L{URL.to_text} should invert L{URL.from_text}.
        """
        for test in ROUNDTRIP_TESTS:
            result = URL.from_text(test).to_text(with_password=True)
            self.assertEqual(test, result)

    def test_roundtrip_double_iri(self):
        for test in ROUNDTRIP_TESTS:
            url = URL.from_text(test)
            iri = url.to_iri()
            double_iri = iri.to_iri()
            assert iri == double_iri

            iri_text = iri.to_text(with_password=True)
            double_iri_text = double_iri.to_text(with_password=True)
            assert iri_text == double_iri_text
        return

    def test_equality(self):
        """
        Two URLs decoded using L{URL.from_text} will be equal (C{==}) if they
        decoded same URL string, and unequal (C{!=}) if they decoded different
        strings.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(urlpath, URL.from_text(BASIC_URL))
        self.assertNotEqual(
            urlpath,
            URL.from_text('ftp://www.anotherinvaliddomain.com/'
                          'foo/bar/baz/?zot=21&zut')
        )

    def test_fragmentEquality(self):
        """
        An URL created with the empty string for a fragment compares equal
        to an URL created with an unspecified fragment.
        """
        self.assertEqual(URL(fragment=''), URL())
        self.assertEqual(URL.from_text(u"http://localhost/#"),
                         URL.from_text(u"http://localhost/"))

    def test_child(self):
        """
        L{URL.child} appends a new path segment, but does not affect the query
        or fragment.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong?zot=23&zut",
                         urlpath.child('gong').to_text())
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong%2F?zot=23&zut",
                         urlpath.child('gong/').to_text())
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong%2Fdouble?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.child('gong/double').to_text()
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong%2Fdouble%2F?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.child('gong/double/').to_text()
        )

    def test_multiChild(self):
        """
        L{URL.child} receives multiple segments as C{*args} and appends each in
        turn.
        """
        url = URL.from_text('http://example.com/a/b')
        self.assertEqual(url.child('c', 'd', 'e').to_text(),
                         'http://example.com/a/b/c/d/e')

    def test_childInitRoot(self):
        """
        L{URL.child} of a L{URL} without a path produces a L{URL} with a single
        path segment.
        """
        childURL = URL(host=u"www.foo.com").child(u"c")
        self.assertTrue(childURL.rooted)
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/c", childURL.to_text())

    def test_emptyChild(self):
        """
        L{URL.child} without any new segments returns the original L{URL}.
        """
        url = URL(host=u"www.foo.com")
        self.assertEqual(url.child(), url)

    def test_sibling(self):
        """
        L{URL.sibling} of a L{URL} replaces the last path segment, but does not
        affect the query or fragment.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/sister?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.sibling('sister').to_text()
        )
        # Use an url without trailing '/' to check child removal.
        url_text = "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path?zot=23&zut"
        urlpath = URL.from_text(url_text)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/sister?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.sibling('sister').to_text()
        )

    def test_click(self):
        """
        L{URL.click} interprets the given string as a relative URI-reference
        and returns a new L{URL} interpreting C{self} as the base absolute URI.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        # A null uri should be valid (return here).
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut",
                          urlpath.click("").to_text())
        # A simple relative path remove the query.
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/click",
                          urlpath.click("click").to_text())
        # An absolute path replace path and query.
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/click",
                          urlpath.click("/click").to_text())
        # Replace just the query.
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?burp",
                          urlpath.click("?burp").to_text())
        # One full url to another should not generate '//' between authority.
        # and path
        self.assertTrue("//foobar" not in
                        urlpath.click('http://www.foo.com/foobar').to_text())

        # From a url with no query clicking a url with a query, the query
        # should be handled properly.
        u = URL.from_text('http://www.foo.com/me/noquery')
        self.assertEqual('http://www.foo.com/me/17?spam=158',
                         u.click('/me/17?spam=158').to_text())

        # Check that everything from the path onward is removed when the click
        # link has no path.
        u = URL.from_text('http://localhost/foo?abc=def')
        self.assertEqual(u.click('http://www.python.org').to_text(),
                         'http://www.python.org')

        # https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/8184
        u = URL.from_text('http://hatnote.com/a/b/../c/./d/e/..')
        res = 'http://hatnote.com/a/c/d/'
        self.assertEqual(u.click('').to_text(), res)

        # test click default arg is same as empty string above
        self.assertEqual(u.click().to_text(), res)

        # test click on a URL instance
        u = URL.fromText('http://localhost/foo/?abc=def')
        u2 = URL.from_text('bar')
        u3 = u.click(u2)
        self.assertEqual(u3.to_text(), 'http://localhost/foo/bar')

    def test_clickRFC3986(self):
        """
        L{URL.click} should correctly resolve the examples in RFC 3986.
        """
        base = URL.from_text(relativeLinkBaseForRFC3986)
        for (ref, expected) in relativeLinkTestsForRFC3986:
            self.assertEqual(base.click(ref).to_text(), expected)

    def test_clickSchemeRelPath(self):
        """
        L{URL.click} should not accept schemes with relative paths.
        """
        base = URL.from_text(relativeLinkBaseForRFC3986)
        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, base.click, 'g:h')
        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, base.click, 'http:h')

    def test_cloneUnchanged(self):
        """
        Verify that L{URL.replace} doesn't change any of the arguments it
        is passed.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text('https://x:1/y?z=1#A')
        self.assertEqual(urlpath.replace(urlpath.scheme,
                                         urlpath.host,
                                         urlpath.path,
                                         urlpath.query,
                                         urlpath.fragment,
                                         urlpath.port),
                         urlpath)
        self.assertEqual(urlpath.replace(), urlpath)

    def test_clickCollapse(self):
        """
        L{URL.click} collapses C{.} and C{..} according to RFC 3986 section
        5.2.4.
        """
        tests = [
            ['http://localhost/', '.', 'http://localhost/'],
            ['http://localhost/', '..', 'http://localhost/'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c', '.', 'http://localhost/a/b/'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c', '..', 'http://localhost/a/'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c', './d/e', 'http://localhost/a/b/d/e'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c', '../d/e', 'http://localhost/a/d/e'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c', '/./d/e', 'http://localhost/d/e'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c', '/../d/e', 'http://localhost/d/e'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c/', '../../d/e/',
             'http://localhost/a/d/e/'],
            ['http://localhost/a/./c', '../d/e', 'http://localhost/d/e'],
            ['http://localhost/a/./c/', '../d/e', 'http://localhost/a/d/e'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c/d', './e/../f/../g',
             'http://localhost/a/b/c/g'],
            ['http://localhost/a/b/c', 'd//e', 'http://localhost/a/b/d//e'],
        ]
        for start, click, expected in tests:
            actual = URL.from_text(start).click(click).to_text()
            self.assertEqual(
                actual,
                expected,
                "{start}.click({click}) => {actual} not {expected}".format(
                    start=start,
                    click=repr(click),
                    actual=actual,
                    expected=expected,
                )
            )

    def test_queryAdd(self):
        """
        L{URL.add} adds query parameters.
        """
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?foo=bar",
            URL.from_text("http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/")
            .add(u"foo", u"bar").to_text())
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/?foo=bar",
            URL(host=u"www.foo.com").add(u"foo", u"bar")
            .to_text())
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp",
            urlpath.add(u"burp").to_text())
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp=xxx",
            urlpath.add(u"burp", u"xxx").to_text())
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp=xxx&zing",
            urlpath.add(u"burp", u"xxx").add(u"zing").to_text())
        # Note the inversion!
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&zing&burp=xxx",
            urlpath.add(u"zing").add(u"burp", u"xxx").to_text())
        # Note the two values for the same name.
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp=xxx&zot=32",
            urlpath.add(u"burp", u"xxx").add(u"zot", '32')
            .to_text())

    def test_querySet(self):
        """
        L{URL.set} replaces query parameters by name.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=32&zut",
            urlpath.set(u"zot", '32').to_text())
        # Replace name without value with name/value and vice-versa.
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot&zut=itworked",
            urlpath.set(u"zot").set(u"zut", u"itworked").to_text()
        )
        # Q: what happens when the query has two values and we replace?
        # A: we replace both values with a single one
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=32&zut",
            urlpath.add(u"zot", u"xxx").set(u"zot", '32').to_text()
        )

    def test_queryRemove(self):
        """
        L{URL.remove} removes instances of a query parameter.
        """
        url = URL.from_text(u"https://example.com/a/b/?foo=1&bar=2&foo=3")
        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove(u"foo"),
            URL.from_text(u"https://example.com/a/b/?bar=2")
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove(name=u"foo", value=u"1"),
            URL.from_text(u"https://example.com/a/b/?bar=2&foo=3")
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove(name=u"foo", limit=1),
            URL.from_text(u"https://example.com/a/b/?bar=2&foo=3")
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove(name=u"foo", value=u"1", limit=0),
            URL.from_text(u"https://example.com/a/b/?foo=1&bar=2&foo=3")
        )

    def test_parseEqualSignInParamValue(self):
        """
        Every C{=}-sign after the first in a query parameter is simply included
        in the value of the parameter.
        """
        u = URL.from_text('http://localhost/?=x=x=x')
        self.assertEqual(u.get(''), ['x=x=x'])
        self.assertEqual(u.to_text(), 'http://localhost/?=x=x=x')
        u = URL.from_text('http://localhost/?foo=x=x=x&bar=y')
        self.assertEqual(u.query, (('foo', 'x=x=x'), ('bar', 'y')))
        self.assertEqual(u.to_text(), 'http://localhost/?foo=x=x=x&bar=y')

        u = URL.from_text('https://example.com/?argument=3&argument=4&operator=%3D')
        iri = u.to_iri()
        self.assertEqual(iri.get('operator'), ['='])
        # assert that the equals is not unnecessarily escaped
        self.assertEqual(iri.to_uri().get('operator'), ['='])

    def test_empty(self):
        """
        An empty L{URL} should serialize as the empty string.
        """
        self.assertEqual(URL().to_text(), '')

    def test_justQueryText(self):
        """
        An L{URL} with query text should serialize as just query text.
        """
        u = URL(query=[(u"hello", u"world")])
        self.assertEqual(u.to_text(), '?hello=world')

    def test_identicalEqual(self):
        """
        L{URL} compares equal to itself.
        """
        u = URL.from_text('http://localhost/')
        self.assertEqual(u, u)

    def test_similarEqual(self):
        """
        URLs with equivalent components should compare equal.
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text('http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f')
        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)

    def test_differentNotEqual(self):
        """
        L{URL}s that refer to different resources are both unequal (C{!=}) and
        also not equal (not C{==}).
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text('http://localhost/a')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://localhost/b')
        self.assertFalse(u1 == u2, "%r != %r" % (u1, u2))
        self.assertNotEqual(u1, u2)

    def test_otherTypesNotEqual(self):
        """
        L{URL} is not equal (C{==}) to other types.
        """
        u = URL.from_text('http://localhost/')
        self.assertFalse(u == 42, "URL must not equal a number.")
        self.assertFalse(u == object(), "URL must not equal an object.")
        self.assertNotEqual(u, 42)
        self.assertNotEqual(u, object())

    def test_identicalNotUnequal(self):
        """
        Identical L{URL}s are not unequal (C{!=}) to each other.
        """
        u = URL.from_text('http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f')
        self.assertFalse(u != u, "%r == itself" % u)

    def test_similarNotUnequal(self):
        """
        Structurally similar L{URL}s are not unequal (C{!=}) to each other.
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text('http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f')
        self.assertFalse(u1 != u2, "%r == %r" % (u1, u2))

    def test_differentUnequal(self):
        """
        Structurally different L{URL}s are unequal (C{!=}) to each other.
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text('http://localhost/a')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://localhost/b')
        self.assertTrue(u1 != u2, "%r == %r" % (u1, u2))

    def test_otherTypesUnequal(self):
        """
        L{URL} is unequal (C{!=}) to other types.
        """
        u = URL.from_text('http://localhost/')
        self.assertTrue(u != 42, "URL must differ from a number.")
        self.assertTrue(u != object(), "URL must be differ from an object.")

    def test_asURI(self):
        """
        L{URL.asURI} produces an URI which converts any URI unicode encoding
        into pure US-ASCII and returns a new L{URL}.
        """
        unicodey = ('http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/'
                    '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}'
                    '?\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}='
                    '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER I}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}'
                    '#\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER U}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}')
        iri = URL.from_text(unicodey)
        uri = iri.asURI()
        self.assertEqual(iri.host, '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com')
        self.assertEqual(iri.path[0],
                         '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}')
        self.assertEqual(iri.to_text(), unicodey)
        expectedURI = 'http://xn--9ca.com/%C3%A9?%C3%A1=%C3%AD#%C3%BA'
        actualURI = uri.to_text()
        self.assertEqual(actualURI, expectedURI,
                         '%r != %r' % (actualURI, expectedURI))

    def test_asIRI(self):
        """
        L{URL.asIRI} decodes any percent-encoded text in the URI, making it
        more suitable for reading by humans, and returns a new L{URL}.
        """
        asciiish = 'http://xn--9ca.com/%C3%A9?%C3%A1=%C3%AD#%C3%BA'
        uri = URL.from_text(asciiish)
        iri = uri.asIRI()
        self.assertEqual(uri.host, 'xn--9ca.com')
        self.assertEqual(uri.path[0], '%C3%A9')
        self.assertEqual(uri.to_text(), asciiish)
        expectedIRI = ('http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/'
                       '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}'
                       '?\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE}='
                       '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE}'
                       '#\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE}')
        actualIRI = iri.to_text()
        self.assertEqual(actualIRI, expectedIRI,
                         '%r != %r' % (actualIRI, expectedIRI))

    def test_badUTF8AsIRI(self):
        """
        Bad UTF-8 in a path segment, query parameter, or fragment results in
        that portion of the URI remaining percent-encoded in the IRI.
        """
        urlWithBinary = 'http://xn--9ca.com/%00%FF/%C3%A9'
        uri = URL.from_text(urlWithBinary)
        iri = uri.asIRI()
        expectedIRI = ('http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/'
                       '%00%FF/'
                       '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}')
        actualIRI = iri.to_text()
        self.assertEqual(actualIRI, expectedIRI,
                         '%r != %r' % (actualIRI, expectedIRI))

    def test_alreadyIRIAsIRI(self):
        """
        A L{URL} composed of non-ASCII text will result in non-ASCII text.
        """
        unicodey = ('http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/'
                    '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}'
                    '?\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}='
                    '\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER I}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}'
                    '#\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER U}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}')
        iri = URL.from_text(unicodey)
        alsoIRI = iri.asIRI()
        self.assertEqual(alsoIRI.to_text(), unicodey)

    def test_alreadyURIAsURI(self):
        """
        A L{URL} composed of encoded text will remain encoded.
        """
        expectedURI = 'http://xn--9ca.com/%C3%A9?%C3%A1=%C3%AD#%C3%BA'
        uri = URL.from_text(expectedURI)
        actualURI = uri.asURI().to_text()
        self.assertEqual(actualURI, expectedURI)

    def test_userinfo(self):
        """
        L{URL.from_text} will parse the C{userinfo} portion of the URI
        separately from the host and port.
        """
        url = URL.from_text(
            'http://someuser:somepassword@example.com/some-segment@ignore'
        )
        self.assertEqual(url.authority(True),
                         'someuser:somepassword@example.com')
        self.assertEqual(url.authority(False), 'someuser:@example.com')
        self.assertEqual(url.userinfo, 'someuser:somepassword')
        self.assertEqual(url.user, 'someuser')
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(),
                         'http://someuser:@example.com/some-segment@ignore')
        self.assertEqual(
            url.replace(userinfo=u"someuser").to_text(),
            'http://someuser@example.com/some-segment@ignore'
        )

    def test_portText(self):
        """
        L{URL.from_text} parses custom port numbers as integers.
        """
        portURL = URL.from_text(u"http://www.example.com:8080/")
        self.assertEqual(portURL.port, 8080)
        self.assertEqual(portURL.to_text(), u"http://www.example.com:8080/")

    def test_mailto(self):
        """
        Although L{URL} instances are mainly for dealing with HTTP, other
        schemes (such as C{mailto:}) should work as well.  For example,
        L{URL.from_text}/L{URL.to_text} round-trips cleanly for a C{mailto:} URL
        representing an email address.
        """
        self.assertEqual(URL.from_text(u"mailto:user@example.com").to_text(),
                         u"mailto:user@example.com")

    def test_queryIterable(self):
        """
        When a L{URL} is created with a C{query} argument, the C{query}
        argument is converted into an N-tuple of 2-tuples, sensibly
        handling dictionaries.
        """
        expected = (('alpha', 'beta'),)
        url = URL(query=[['alpha', 'beta']])
        self.assertEqual(url.query, expected)
        url = URL(query={'alpha': 'beta'})
        self.assertEqual(url.query, expected)

    def test_pathIterable(self):
        """
        When a L{URL} is created with a C{path} argument, the C{path} is
        converted into a tuple.
        """
        url = URL(path=['hello', 'world'])
        self.assertEqual(url.path, ('hello', 'world'))

    def test_invalidArguments(self):
        """
        Passing an argument of the wrong type to any of the constructor
        arguments of L{URL} will raise a descriptive L{TypeError}.

        L{URL} typechecks very aggressively to ensure that its constitutent
        parts are all properly immutable and to prevent confusing errors when
        bad data crops up in a method call long after the code that called the
        constructor is off the stack.
        """
        class Unexpected(object):
            def __str__(self):
                return "wrong"

            def __repr__(self):
                return "<unexpected>"

        defaultExpectation = "unicode" if bytes is str else "str"

        def assertRaised(raised, expectation, name):
            self.assertEqual(str(raised.exception),
                             "expected {0} for {1}, got {2}".format(
                                 expectation,
                                 name, "<unexpected>"))

        def check(param, expectation=defaultExpectation):
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
                URL(**{param: Unexpected()})

            assertRaised(raised, expectation, param)

        check("scheme")
        check("host")
        check("fragment")
        check("rooted", "bool")
        check("userinfo")
        check("port", "int or NoneType")

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(path=[Unexpected()])

        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "path segment")

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(query=[(u"name", Unexpected())])

        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation + " or NoneType",
                     "query parameter value")

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(query=[(Unexpected(), u"value")])

        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "query parameter name")
        # No custom error message for this one, just want to make sure
        # non-2-tuples don't get through.

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            URL(query=[Unexpected()])

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            URL(query=[('k', 'v', 'vv')])

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            URL(query=[('k',)])

        url = URL.from_text("https://valid.example.com/")
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            url.child(Unexpected())
        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "path segment")
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            url.sibling(Unexpected())
        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "path segment")
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            url.click(Unexpected())
        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "relative URL")

    def test_technicallyTextIsIterableBut(self):
        """
        Technically, L{str} (or L{unicode}, as appropriate) is iterable, but
        C{URL(path="foo")} resulting in C{URL.from_text("f/o/o")} is never what
        you want.
        """
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(path='foo')
        self.assertEqual(
            str(raised.exception),
            "expected iterable of text for path, not: {0}"
            .format(repr('foo'))
        )

    def test_netloc(self):
        url = URL(scheme='https')
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, True)

        url = URL(scheme='git+https')
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, True)

        url = URL(scheme='mailto')
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, False)

        url = URL(scheme='ztp')
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, None)

        url = URL.from_text('ztp://test.com')
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, True)

        url = URL.from_text('ztp:test:com')
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, False)

    def test_ipv6_with_port(self):
        t = 'https://[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:80/'
        url = URL.from_text(t)
        assert url.host == '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
        assert url.port == 80
        assert SCHEME_PORT_MAP[url.scheme] != url.port

    def test_basic(self):
        text = 'https://user:pass@example.com/path/to/here?k=v#nice'
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert url.scheme == 'https'
        assert url.userinfo == 'user:pass'
        assert url.host == 'example.com'
        assert url.path == ('path', 'to', 'here')
        assert url.fragment == 'nice'

        text = 'https://user:pass@127.0.0.1/path/to/here?k=v#nice'
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert url.scheme == 'https'
        assert url.userinfo == 'user:pass'
        assert url.host == '127.0.0.1'
        assert url.path == ('path', 'to', 'here')

        text = 'https://user:pass@[::1]/path/to/here?k=v#nice'
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert url.scheme == 'https'
        assert url.userinfo == 'user:pass'
        assert url.host == '::1'
        assert url.path == ('path', 'to', 'here')

    def test_invalid_url(self):
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, '#\n\n')

    def test_invalid_authority_url(self):
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://abc:\n\n/#')

    def test_invalid_ipv6(self):
        invalid_ipv6_ips = ['2001::0234:C1ab::A0:aabc:003F',
                            '2001::1::3F',
                            ':',
                            '::::',
                            '::256.0.0.1']
        for ip in invalid_ipv6_ips:
            url_text = 'http://[' + ip + ']'
            self.assertRaises(socket.error, inet_pton,
                              socket.AF_INET6, ip)
            self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, url_text)

    def test_invalid_port(self):
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'ftp://portmouth:smash')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL.from_text,
                          'http://reader.googlewebsite.com:neverforget')

    def test_idna(self):
        u1 = URL.from_text('http://bücher.ch')
        self.assertEquals(u1.host, 'bücher.ch')
        self.assertEquals(u1.to_text(), 'http://bücher.ch')
        self.assertEquals(u1.to_uri().to_text(), 'http://xn--bcher-kva.ch')

        u2 = URL.from_text('https://xn--bcher-kva.ch')
        self.assertEquals(u2.host, 'xn--bcher-kva.ch')
        self.assertEquals(u2.to_text(), 'https://xn--bcher-kva.ch')
        self.assertEquals(u2.to_iri().to_text(), u'https://bücher.ch')

    def test_netloc_slashes(self):
        # basic sanity checks
        url = URL.from_text('mailto:mahmoud@hatnote.com')
        self.assertEquals(url.scheme, 'mailto')
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(), 'mailto:mahmoud@hatnote.com')

        url = URL.from_text('http://hatnote.com')
        self.assertEquals(url.scheme, 'http')
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(), 'http://hatnote.com')

        # test that unrecognized schemes stay consistent with '//'
        url = URL.from_text('newscheme:a:b:c')
        self.assertEquals(url.scheme, 'newscheme')
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(), 'newscheme:a:b:c')

        url = URL.from_text('newerscheme://a/b/c')
        self.assertEquals(url.scheme, 'newerscheme')
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(), 'newerscheme://a/b/c')

        # test that reasonable guesses are made
        url = URL.from_text('git+ftp://gitstub.biz/glyph/lefkowitz')
        self.assertEquals(url.scheme, 'git+ftp')
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(),
                          'git+ftp://gitstub.biz/glyph/lefkowitz')

        url = URL.from_text('what+mailto:freerealestate@enotuniq.org')
        self.assertEquals(url.scheme, 'what+mailto')
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(),
                          'what+mailto:freerealestate@enotuniq.org')

        url = URL(scheme='ztp', path=('x', 'y', 'z'), rooted=True)
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(), 'ztp:/x/y/z')

        # also works when the input doesn't include '//'
        url = URL(scheme='git+ftp', path=('x', 'y', 'z' ,''),
                  rooted=True, uses_netloc=True)
        # broken bc urlunsplit
        self.assertEquals(url.to_text(), 'git+ftp:///x/y/z/')

        # really why would this ever come up but ok
        url = URL.from_text('file:///path/to/heck')
        url2 = url.replace(scheme='mailto')
        self.assertEquals(url2.to_text(), 'mailto:/path/to/heck')

        url_text = 'unregisteredscheme:///a/b/c'
        url = URL.from_text(url_text)
        no_netloc_url = url.replace(uses_netloc=False)
        self.assertEquals(no_netloc_url.to_text(), 'unregisteredscheme:/a/b/c')
        netloc_url = url.replace(uses_netloc=True)
        self.assertEquals(netloc_url.to_text(), url_text)

        return

    def test_wrong_constructor(self):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            # whole URL not allowed
            URL(BASIC_URL)
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            # explicitly bad scheme not allowed
            URL('HTTP_____more_like_imHoTTeP')

    def test_encoded_userinfo(self):
        url = URL.from_text('http://user:pass@example.com')
        assert url.userinfo == 'user:pass'
        url = url.replace(userinfo='us%20her:pass')
        iri = url.to_iri()
        assert iri.to_text(with_password=True) == 'http://us her:pass@example.com'
        assert iri.to_text(with_password=False) == 'http://us her:@example.com'
        assert iri.to_uri().to_text(with_password=True) == 'http://us%20her:pass@example.com'

    def test_hash(self):
        url_map = {}
        url1 = URL.from_text('http://blog.hatnote.com/ask?utm_source=geocity')
        assert hash(url1) == hash(url1)  # sanity

        url_map[url1] = 1

        url2 = URL.from_text('http://blog.hatnote.com/ask')
        url2 = url2.set('utm_source', 'geocity')

        url_map[url2] = 2

        assert len(url_map) == 1
        assert list(url_map.values()) == [2]

        assert hash(URL()) == hash(URL())  # slightly more sanity

    def test_dir(self):
        url = URL()
        res = dir(url)

        assert len(res) > 15
        # twisted compat
        assert 'fromText' not in res
        assert 'asText' not in res
        assert 'asURI' not in res
        assert 'asIRI' not in res

    def test_twisted_compat(self):
        url = URL.fromText(u'http://example.com/a%20té%C3%A9st')
        assert url.asText() == 'http://example.com/a%20té%C3%A9st'
        assert url.asURI().asText() == 'http://example.com/a%20t%C3%A9%C3%A9st'
        # TODO: assert url.asIRI().asText() == u'http://example.com/a%20téést'

    def test_set_ordering(self):
        # TODO
        url = URL.from_text('http://example.com/?a=b&c')
        url = url.set(u'x', u'x')
        url = url.add(u'x', u'y')
        assert url.to_text() == u'http://example.com/?a=b&x=x&c&x=y'
        # Would expect:
        # assert url.to_text() == u'http://example.com/?a=b&c&x=x&x=y'

    def test_schemeless_path(self):
        "See issue #4"
        u1 = URL.from_text("urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob")
        u2 = URL.from_text(u1.to_text())
        assert u1 == u2  # sanity testing roundtripping

        u3 = URL.from_text(u1.to_iri().to_text())
        assert u1 == u3
        assert u2 == u3

        # test that colons are ok past the first segment
        u4 = URL.from_text("first-segment/urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob")
        u5 = u4.to_iri()
        assert u5.to_text() == u'first-segment/urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob'

        u6 = URL.from_text(u5.to_text()).to_uri()
        assert u5 == u6  # colons stay decoded bc they're not in the first seg

    def test_emoji_domain(self):
        "See issue #7, affecting only narrow builds (2.6-3.3)"
        url = URL.from_text('https://xn--vi8hiv.ws')
        iri = url.to_iri()
        iri.to_text()
        # as long as we don't get ValueErrors, we're good

    def test_delim_in_param(self):
        "Per issue #6 and #8"
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, scheme=u'http', host=u'a/c')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, path=(u"?",))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, path=(u"#",))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, query=((u"&", "test")))

    def test_empty_paths_eq(self):
        u1 = URL.from_text('http://example.com/')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://example.com')

        assert u1 == u2

        u1 = URL.from_text('http://example.com')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://example.com')

        assert u1 == u2

        u1 = URL.from_text('http://example.com')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://example.com/')

        assert u1 == u2

        u1 = URL.from_text('http://example.com/')
        u2 = URL.from_text('http://example.com/')

        assert u1 == u2

    def test_from_text_type(self):
        assert URL.from_text(u'#ok').fragment == u'ok'  # sanity
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, URL.from_text, b'bytes://x.y.z')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, URL.from_text, object())

    def test_from_text_bad_authority(self):
        # bad ipv6 brackets
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://[::1/')
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://::1]/')
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://[[::1]/')
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://[::1]]/')

        # empty port
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://127.0.0.1:')
        # non-integer port
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://127.0.0.1:hi')
        # extra port colon (makes for an invalid host)
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, 'http://127.0.0.1::80')

    def test_normalize(self):
        url = URL.from_text('HTTP://Example.com/A%61/./../A%61?B%62=C%63#D%64')
        assert url.get('Bb') == []
        assert url.get('B%62') == ['C%63']
        assert len(url.path) == 4

        # test that most expected normalizations happen
        norm_url = url.normalize()

        assert norm_url.scheme == 'http'
        assert norm_url.host == 'example.com'
        assert norm_url.path == ('Aa',)
        assert norm_url.get('Bb') == ['Cc']
        assert norm_url.fragment == 'Dd'
        assert norm_url.to_text() == 'http://example.com/Aa?Bb=Cc#Dd'

        # test that flags work
        noop_norm_url = url.normalize(scheme=False, host=False,
                                      path=False, query=False, fragment=False)
        assert noop_norm_url == url

        # test that empty paths get at least one slash
        slashless_url = URL.from_text('http://example.io')
        slashful_url = slashless_url.normalize()
        assert slashful_url.to_text() == 'http://example.io/'

        # test case normalization for percent encoding
        delimited_url = URL.from_text('/a%2fb/cd%3f?k%3d=v%23#test')
        norm_delimited_url = delimited_url.normalize()
        assert norm_delimited_url.to_text() == '/a%2Fb/cd%3F?k%3D=v%23#test'

        # test invalid percent encoding during normalize
        assert URL(path=('', '%te%sts')).normalize(percents=False).to_text() == '/%te%sts'
        assert URL(path=('', '%te%sts')).normalize().to_text() == '/%25te%25sts'

        percenty_url = URL(scheme='ftp', path=['%%%', '%a%b'], query=[('%', '%%')], fragment='%', userinfo='%:%')

        assert percenty_url.to_text(with_password=True) == 'ftp://%:%@/%%%/%a%b?%=%%#%'
        assert percenty_url.normalize().to_text(with_password=True) == 'ftp://%25:%25@/%25%25%25/%25a%25b?%25=%25%25#%25'

    def test_str(self):
        # see also issue #49
        text = u'http://example.com/á/y%20a%20y/?b=%25'
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert unicode(url) == text
        assert bytes(url) == b'http://example.com/%C3%A1/y%20a%20y/?b=%25'

        if PY2:
            assert isinstance(str(url), bytes)
            assert isinstance(unicode(url), unicode)
        else:
            assert isinstance(str(url), unicode)
            assert isinstance(bytes(url), bytes)

    def test_idna_corners(self):
        text = u'http://abé.com/'
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert url.to_iri().host == u'abé.com'
        assert url.to_uri().host == u'xn--ab-cja.com'

        url = URL.from_text("http://ドメイン.テスト.co.jp#test")
        assert url.to_iri().host == u'ドメイン.テスト.co.jp'
        assert url.to_uri().host == u'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah.co.jp'

        assert url.to_uri().get_decoded_url().host == u'ドメイン.テスト.co.jp'

        assert URL.from_text('http://Example.com').to_uri().get_decoded_url().host == 'example.com'